Compounds classified as heterocyclic probably constitute the largest and most varied family of organic compounds. After all, every carbocyclic compound, regardless of structure and functionality, may in principle be converted into a collection of  heterocyclic analogs by replacing one or more of the ring carbon atoms with a different element. Even if we restrict our consideration to oxygen, nitrogen and sulfur (the most common heterocyclic elements), the permutations and combinations of such a replacement are numerous. Heterocyclic chemistry is the branch of organic chemistry dealing with the synthesis, properties, and applications of these heterocycles

Plant tissue culture is a collection of techniques used to maintain or grow plant cells, tissues or organs under sterile conditions on a nutrient culture medium of known composition. Plant tissue culture is widely used to produce clones of a plant in a method known as micropropagation. Different techniques in plant tissue culture may offer certain advantages over traditional methods of propagation. Plant tissue culture relies on the fact that many plant cells have the ability to regenerate a whole plant (totipotency). Single cells, plant cells without cell walls (protoplasts), pieces of leaves, stems or roots can often be used to generate a new plant on culture media given the required nutrients and plant hormones

A crude drug is any naturally occurring, unrefined substance derived from organic or inorganic sources such as plant, animal, bacteria, organs or whole organisms intended for use in the diagnosis, cure, mitigation, treatment, or prevention of disease in humans or other animals. Crude drugs are vegetable or animal drugs that contain natural substances that have undergone only the processes of collection and drying. The term natural substances refers to those substances found in nature that have not had man-made changes made in their molecular structure. They are used as medicine for human being and animal, internally and externally for curing disease

Microbial ecology (or environmental microbiology) is the ecology of microorganisms: their relationship with one another and with their environment. It concerns the three major domains of life—Eukaryota, Archaea, and Bacteria—as well as viruses. Microorganisms, by their omnipresence, impact the entire biosphere. The immensity of microorganisms' production is such that, even in the total absence of eukaryotic life, these processes would likely continue unchanged. As a consequence of the quantitative magnitude of microbial life. Microorganisms, by their omnipresence, impact the entire biosphere. Microbial life plays a primary role in regulating biogeochemical systems in virtually all of our planet's environments, including some of the most extreme, from frozen environments and acidic lakes, to hydrothermal vents at the bottom of deepest oceans, and some of the most familiar, such as the human small intestine

Agricultural chemistry is the study of both chemistry and biochemistry which are important in agricultural production, the processing of raw products into foods and beverages, and in environmental monitoring and remediation. These studies emphasize the relationships between plants, animals and bacteria and their environment. The science of chemical compositions and changes involved in the production, protection, and use of crops and livestock. As a basic science, it embraces, in addition to test-tube chemistry, all the life processes through which humans obtain food and fiber for themselves and feed for their animals. As an applied science or technology, it is directed toward control of those processes to increase yields, improve quality, and reduce costs

Women are obsessed with looking beautiful. So, they use various beauty products that have herbs to look charming and young. An herbal cosmetic have growing demand in the world market and is an invaluable gift of nature. Herbal formulations always have attracted considerable attention because of their good activity and comparatively lesser or nil side effects with synthetic drugs. The herbal cosmetics manufactured and used commonly for daily purpose include herbal face wash, herbal conditioner, herbal soap, herbal shampoo etc.  The industry is now focusing on the growing segment with a vast scope of manifold expansion in coming years.

Traditional use of herbal medicines refers to the long historical use of these medicines. Their use is well established and widely acknowledged to be safe and effective, and may be accepted by national authorities. The traditional herbal healer therapies contain many medicines for one ailment. Out of the various medicines, one is selected by the herbal healer against a particular disease according to the symptoms and secondary effects.  Several plants are identified and used against one disease and are used according to their availability in the region. Herbal medicines are naturally occurring, plant-derived substances that are used to treat illnesses within local or regional healing practices. These products are complex mixtures of organic chemicals that may come from any raw or processed part of a plant.

Homeopathic medicine is a system that stimulates our immune system to fight disease In Homeopathic remedies, highly diluted substances are prescribed. Homeopathic Bach flower remedies use flowers steeped in sunlit water. Homeopathic remedies are prepared according to the guidelines given in the Homeopathic pharmacopoeia.  In preparing Homeopathic medicine, the ingredients are diluted with distilled water or alcohol and shaken vigorously. Ayurveda a holistic system with its own fundamental tenets. Ayurveda emphasizes the balance between body, mind, and soul for healthy living.

Plant Science or more appropriately referred to as Botanical science, is the branch of biological science that involves study of the morphology, anatomy, taxonomy and physiology of plants.  It also includes study and analysis of molecular aspects of plant metabolic pathways, and the ecological relationships existing between various plants.  In addition, plant sciences also include the study of basic concepts and applied aspects of experimental plant biology, genomics, proteomics, plant biochemistry, cell biology, evolutionary biology, functional plant breeding and systems biology.

Plant Physiology is a broad-spectrum that welcomes high-quality submissions in all major areas of plant physiology: growth and development, biochemistry and metabolism, transport and translocation, and plant responses to biotic and abiotic stress. Plant Pathology is defined as the study of the organisms and environmental conditions that cause disease in plant, the mechanisms by which this occurs, the interactions between these causal agents and the plant (effects on plant growth, yield and quality), and the methods of managing or controlling plant disease.  It also interfaces knowledge from other scientific fields such as mycology, microbiology, virology, biochemistry, bio-informatics, etc.

Ethnobotany and Ethnopharmacology are the essential starter, in the context of sustainable development and honest sharing of the benefits derived from exploitation of natural resources such as plants. Ethnobotany and Ethnopharmacology, like all ethno sciences, have in common a human and cultural component. Ethnopharmacology has also undergone an evolution from the classic to modern concept, but changes are lighter than those suffered by Ethnobotany. Modern ethnopharmacology embraces botanical, ethnobotanical, phytochemical, ethnopharmacological, pharmacological and toxicological fields. Phytochemistry, Pharmacy, History, Geography, Ecology and other art and science fields will be taken into account

Plants and other living organisms have great potential to treat human disease. There are two distinct types of biomedical research that seek to develop this potential. The Botanicals and Human Health Program is to identify botanical products with the potential to improve human health and to enable the safe, effective and proper use of high quality botanical products by healthcare professionals and consumers. Include economical production of podophyllotoxin, an important intermediate in the synthesis of anticancer agents, agronomic potential of medicinal plants in Mississippi, value-added development of botanicals through harvest, post-harvest and storage practices, and market research to quantify commercial potential.

Cancer is a major cause of deaths all around the globe. Although numerous anticancer drugs are available, most of them are expensive and have serious side effects. Natural compounds are usually non-toxic and inexpensive. Many such compounds have been identified and explored for their health benefits for centuries, and several nutritional factors derived from natural products have attracted considerable attention as therapeutic agents for the prevention and treatment of cancer. Current cancer therapies often involve surgical removal and radiation treatment of the large accumulated biomass of cancer, typically followed by systemic chemotherapy treatment used for maintenance treatment

Phytochemistry deals with methods of obtaining these active ingredients, their classification according to the functional organic chemical group to which it belongs, and studies the analytical methods to verify its quality. Pharmacognosy is the study of drugs from the natural origin. The word pharmacognosy is a Greek word: "pharmakon" meaning drug or medicine, and "gnosis" meaning knowledge. The American Society of Pharmacognosy defines pharmacognosy as "the study of the physical, chemical, biochemical and biological properties of drugs, drug substances or potential drugs or drug substances of natural origin as well as the search for new drugs from natural sources".

Toxicology is the study of chemicals that can cause problems for living things. It’s a wide-ranging field: The chemicals may occur naturally or have been created in a lab or factory; the living things may be humans, pets, livestock, or microbes living in a pond. And the problems that concern toxicologists stretch from inconvenience to disaster—from mild skin irritation, for instance, to death.Toxicology is a field of science that helps us understand the harmful effects that chemicals, substances, or situations, can have on people, animals, and the environment. Some refer to toxicology as the “Science of Safety” because as a field it has evolved from a science focused on studying poisons and adverse effects of chemical exposures, to a science devoted to studying safety.

It is a holistic approach to deciphering the complexity of biological systems that starts from the understanding that the networks that form the whole of living organisms are more than the sum of their parts.  It is collaborative, integrating many scientific disciplines – biology, computer science, engineering, bioinformatics, physics and others – to predict how these systems change over time and under varying conditions, and to develop solutions to the world’s most pressing health and environmental issues. Systems biology is an approach in biomedical research to understanding the larger picture—be it at the level of the organism, tissue, or cell—by putting its pieces together.  It is a biology-based interdisciplinary field of study that focuses on complex interactions within biological systems, using a holistic approach (holism instead of the more traditional reductionism) to biological research Systems biology is the study of biological systems whose behaviour cannot be reduced to the linear sum of their parts’ functions.

Plant biotechnology is a set of techniques used to adapt plants for specific needs or opportunities. Situations that combine multiple needs and opportunities are common.  For example, a single crop may be required to provide sustainable food and healthful nutrition, protection of the environment, and opportunities for jobs and income. Finding or developing suitable plants is typically a highly complex challenge. Biotechnology is the integrated use of biochemistry , microbiology and engineering science in order to achieve technological application of the capabilities of micro-organism, cultured tissue cells and part thereof.  Application of science and technology to plants, parts, products and models, to alter living or inert materials, in order to develop knowledge, goods and services An important aspect of all biotechnology processes is the culture of either the plant cells or animal cells or microorganisms.

A natural product is a chemical compound or substance produced by a living organism—that is, found in nature. In the broadest sense, natural products include any substance produced by life.  Natural products can also be prepared by chemical synthesis (both semi synthesis and total synthesis) and have played a central role in the development of the field of organic chemistry by providing challenging synthetic targets. The term natural product has also been extended for commercial purposes to refer to cosmetics, dietary supplements, and foods produced from natural sources without added artificial ingredients, Within the field of organic chemistry, the definition of natural products is usually restricted to mean purified organic compounds isolated from natural sources that are produced by the pathways of primary or secondary metabolism Within the field of medicinal chemistry.

Herbal formulations means a dosage form consisting of one or more herbs or processed herbs in specified quantities to provide specific nutritional, cosmetic benefits meant for use to diagnose, treat, mitigate diseases of human beings or animals, alter the structure or physiology of human beings or animals. Herbal formulations contain an active substance or herbal substance or herbal preparation or herbal substance in combination with one or more herbal preparations. Herbal formulations are obtained by subjecting herbal substances to treatments such as extraction, distillation, expression, fractionation, purification, concentration or fermentation include comminuted or powdered.