Natural Products Chemistry and Research

Natural products and heterocyclic chemistry

Within the field of organic chemistry, the definition of natural products is usually restricted to mean purified organic compounds isolated from natural sources that are produced by the pathways of primary or secondary metabolism. Within the field of medicinal chemistry, the definition is often further restricted to secondary metabolites. Secondary metabolites are not essential for survival, but nevertheless provide organisms that produce them an evolutionary advantage. Many secondary metabolites are cytotoxic and have been selected and optimized through evolution for use as "chemical warfare" agents against prey, predators, and competing organisms, natural product is a chemical compound or substance produced by a living organism—that is, found in nature. In the broadest sense, natural products include any substance produced by life. Natural products can also be prepared by chemical synthesis (both semi synthesis and total synthesis) and have played a central role in the development of the field of organic chemistry by providing challenging synthetic targets. The term natural product has also been extended for commercial purposes to refer to nutri cosmetics, dietary supplements, and foods produced from natural sources without added artificial ingredients. Heterocyclic compounds can be usefully classified based on their electronic structure.

In 2011 the global in vitro toxicity testing market was valued at $4 billion and more than $4.9 billion in 2012. In 2017 this is estimated to reach nearly $9.9, with a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 14.7% for the five-year period, 2012 to 2017. The global in vitro toxicity (predictive toxicity) testing market is valued at more than $1.3 billion in 2010.  Due to increased awareness of animal welfare in laboratory research testing, the in vitro toxicity testing market has an anticipated value of $2.7 billion in 2015, a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 15% between 2010 and 2015.Cosmetics and personal-care industry accounts for more than 50% of the market share is accounted This sector is currently valued at $702 million and is expected to reach $1.3 billion by 2015, a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 13.1%. The pharmaceuticals segment is one of the most significant with a 32% market share valued at $424 million in 2010. By 2015, this sector is projected to reach a value of $976 million, a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 18.2%. An overview of the global toxicity testing market is obtained by analyses of market trends. The two major technology-based approaches utilised are mechanistic and nonmechanistic